Global Warming and the Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A dangerous atmospheric devation and the Climate Change - Essay Example Human exercises have prompted exacerbated changes in atmosphere than common powers. The commitment of common powers to environmental change stays immaterial in contrast with human exercises. The circumstances and logical results factor of an Earth-wide temperature boost presents basic social, financial and natural needs that must be represented no matter what. The main issue in this interest is industrialization process, which appears to take progressed and complex positions each and every day. In this way, human exercises have been and still are the main impetus behind a worldwide temperature alteration (Maslin, 2007). Nursery impacts are basically considered responsible for the constant a worldwide temperature alteration. Ozone harming substances are said to assume a significant job in the ever-rising worldwide environmental temperatures. The degree to which these gases cause a worldwide temperature alteration differs across an unnatural weather change discusses. For example, the relentless ascent in worldwide temperatures is ascribed to the consumption of the ozone layer. On a similar note, there are contentions that what the globe is encountering is a unimportant regular pattern of environmental change (Handmer and Dovers, 2010). This implies the pretended by ozone harming substances in the worldwide setting is constrained, and along these lines environmental change is a course of nature. Carbon dioxide has been named as the essential ozone depleting substance that colossally added to the by and by experienced diligent a worldwide temperature alteration. Researchers have varied in this discussion, contending for and against the connection between carbon dioxide and a dangerous atmospheric devation. Areas that have significantly low discharge levels have been in any event as more terrible off as the remainder of the world, supporting the offer for debaters against connecting carbon dioxide to a dangerous atmospheric devation. This has additionally been progressed to the exchange of emanations, in spite of the fact that the world stays isolated on the method of reasoning behind the training.

The Lasting Impresion of Reality Tv and Its Lack of Moral

Unscripted tv has been around far longer than many give it credit. Numerous watchers disregard the absolute first unscripted tv shows, for example, Big Brother, Survivor, and non-trashy forms of The Bachelor that showed things, for example, collusion, fellowship, and character advancement through the commendations of its crowd. Despite the fact that fresher shows have been blamed for developing â€Å"trashier†; I feel that this change is in reality just in light of the interest of its crowd. Show notoriety drops when the message they depict becomes â€Å"unhip†, or â€Å"uncool†.So so as to keep up appraisals shows had to show what individuals needed to see. As our nation has gradually relinquished ethics and norms, its kin have been compelled to adjust. Unscripted tv has been compelled to decrease all opportunities for ever being named as â€Å"moral†. It has taken a course for the more regrettable and shows today need small importance or worth. In its mo st current state, TV programs power its more youthful watchers to grow up quicker, causing more youthful and more youthful children to do grown-up things.These unscripted TV dramas epitomize things, for example, sex, medications, savagery, and self-hurt. TV makers nowadays just have no issue presenting the adolescent to this garbage. Truth be told, the makers are explicitly focusing on the young with their unmoral and dubious shows. They frequently reward the dissident characters with additional TV time or book them for another unscripted TV drama, while the good and decent characters are portrayed as exhausting and scarcely ever get rewarded.America continues asking what is making every age less and less good, however they neglect to perceive what sorts of models are being set. Kids have not gotten progressively compelling, they essentially have been affected by more regrettable things. In the previous scarcely any years, there has been a significant change to unscripted tv that de creases its ethical instructing notoriety. From music recordings of half bare ladies to unscripted TV dramas loaded with treachery, falsehoods, and more revolting than most can deal with, the province of American TV is in trouble.So where would you be able to go to when you need to keep away from these unmoral shows and watch something useful for a change? Well there is no obvious answer. Unfortunately, even the absolute greatest systems, for example, CBS and NBC have begun focusing on the youthful group with shows that are totally improper. The main answer for this issue is to just inquiry around a piece to locate the ideal show for you. Use locales, for example, TVguide. com and Amazon. com to look at certain audits and clients' assessments on the show before you begin getting into it..

Tips For Reading When Youre Laid Up

Tips For Reading When Youre Laid Up In her essay On Being Ill, Virginia Woolf writes about the ways   illness changes a persons perspective, and occasionally improves it. we cease to be soldiers in the army of the upright; we become deserters. They march to battle. We float with the sticks on the stream; helter skelter with the dead leaves on the lawn, irresponsible and disinterested and able, perhaps for the first time for years, to look round, to look upâ€"to look, for example, at the sky. Illness, or recovery from it, can do the same for a persons reading habits. If youre ill, you might read more or less. You might not want to be able to read the genres you normally read. You might be a normally-prolific reader who is unable to read at all. And all of that is fine. A few weeks ago, I went into the hospital for surgery. My recovery has been longer than I expected, and Ive found myself in bed, unable to do much of anything, for long periods of time. Im normally the sort of person who cant sit still, so being stuck in bed has changed my perspective quite a bit, and it has changed my reading habits. I read more, listen to audiobooks less, and there are certain stories I just cant read. If youre bedridden â€" if youre going into a hospital for surgery, or if youre sick with something thats keeping you in bed for a long time â€" here are five tips for managing your reading (and your expectations about your reading) that I wish someone had shared with me. 1.) It helps to be prepared. While you might not be able to prep for an illness, there are some things you can do if you suspect youre going to be sick for a while. Pile your books at the side of your bed, away from wherever your food, drink and meds are going to be. Have a few books there, because you never know what youre going to want to read, and make sure you have enough bookmarks as well. This goes for the hospital, too. Even if youre dont think youre going to be staying overnight, pack a little reading care package for yourself. Bring your books, or charge your device and bring it with you. Because nothing sucks harder than lying in a dark room all night with no reading material, and while the nurses station stocks those awesome slipper socks, as far as I know, they dont keep a pile of bookmarks. (Pro tip: if youre bringing a book to the hospital and you have a booklight, bring it. Turning on those hospital room lights is an epic quest when youre hooked up to an IV, and also, you dont want to irritate your roommate.) 2.) Accept it when you cant read. Some of us (myself included) get competitive about reading. Oh, Im going to be lying down for a week? Great. Ill read my whole TBR shelf. Yeah, no. My first night in the hospital, I tried to read The Martian. I got as far as the first line (Which is, upliftingly, Im pretty much fucked.) before I fell asleep. Sometimes you just cant read. Sometimes reading is a lot of effort, and all you can do is stare at the TV or the wall, and thats okay. Flowers are lovely but my husband knows what get well gift I really want. #books A post shared by A.J. OConnell (@annjoc) on Mar 24, 2016 at 12:19pm PDT 3.) Accept that your reading habits will change. You might be in pain. You might be on drugs. Youre not moving around.   Your ability to read print might be compromised and you might listen to audiobooks. Or, you might be one of those people who listens to audiobooks during activities, and while youre laid up you might abandon Audible in favor of print. 4.) You might change what youre reading. I decided my recovery would be the perfect time to finally read World War Z. You know what? It turns out that reading about a zombie virus while bedridden wasnt my best idea ever. I ended up propped up in bed, with all the curtains open, so I could monitor all approaches to our home. Whoops. Sometimes illness makes certain genres or topics less appealing. For example you might be under enough stress already, and not want to read a nail-biter of a thriller. You might want to read escapist novels. You might want to read more about illness, or avoid reading about it altogether. (Woolf, who liked poetry when she was sick, has a quote about that too: Illness makes us disinclined for the long campaigns that prose exacts.) 5.) Your health comes before your TBR pile. You do not have to read non-stop simply because youre lying in bed. You dont have to stay up all night to finish that book when youre recovering. Please dont judge yourself for choosing TV instead of a book when youre sick. Your health is your priority, and if reading more is a byproduct of that, excellent.

Energy Consumption In Iraq - 725 Words

Iraq emerged as the second largest producer of crude oil within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)(Saddam and abu Mansor, 2015). At the beginning of 2015, Iraq reportedly held 144 billion crude oil reserve barrels, representing about 18% of the confirmed reserves within the Middle East and about 9% of reserves worldwide (â€Å"Worldwide look at Reserves and Production,† 2015). Despite drawing huge benefits from the valuable conventional source of energy, Iraqi households experience electricity shortage particularly during summer. In 2012, electricity supply in Iraq was about 66 billion kilo watt hours (kWh). It is expected that the peak in electricity demand will hit 50,000 to 60,000 MW by 2030 (Istepanian, 2014).†¦show more content†¦The commonly employed insulation materials are fiberglass, cotton, and foams. In this standpoint, TES systems are attractive due to their energy economy in buildings. Currently, the major concern involving the m odern buildings environment is related to the necessity of energy efficient sustainable structures together with intuitive design and architecture. Management of energy supply and demand equilibrium requires their constant preservation. 2.2 Buildings Management with Phase Change Materials Based on heat storage capability TES media are classified in to sensible heat storage (SHS) and latent heat storage (LHS). In SHS during phase change, the heat is stored or released in the storage media together with temperature alteration. Conversely, in the LHS materials heat is stored or released during phase change processes in the form of fusion/solidification. PCM undergoes a phase change from a solid to liquid state or vice versa when the temperature increases or decreases respectively. It is the phenomena of phase transformation that enables the PCM to store and release significant amounts of latent heat during the phase changes. LHTES systems are created by impregnating organic, inorganic, or eutectic compounds into construction elements including wallboard and concrete. They are promising due to their prevalent acceptance and subsequent adaptation as building materials in the entire buildings environment. PCMsShow MoreRelatedOil And Natural Gas Is An Indispensable Part Of Human Beings1091 Words   |  5 Pagesof social resources. Oil and natural gas is an important energy resource. In modern civilized society, if not the energy, all the modern material civilization will disappear. Since the end of the Cold War, the world is facing the dual pressures of economic development and energy shortage. With the rapid industrial development, po pulation growth and people s living standards improve, the energy shortage has become a global problem, energy security attention more and more countries. Regional distributionRead MoreOil And Natural Gas Is An Indispensable Part Of Human Beings1465 Words   |  6 Pagesof social resources. Oil and natural gas is an important energy resource. In modern civilized society, if not the energy, all the modern material civilization will disappear. Since the end of the Cold War, the world is facing the dual pressures of economic development and energy shortage. With the rapid industrial development, population growth and people s living standards improve, the energy shortage has become a global problem, energy security attention more and more countries. Regional distributionRead MoreThe Cultural Characteristics Of Culture975 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is was never fully developed due to the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980’s which caused a huge setback for the economy. Most of the population is young and over 60% are between the ages of 15-64. 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This has made other possibilities difficult which is why most of the population does not have sufficient power/ electricity. Nations Encyclopedia (2016) â€Å"Electricity generation was severely restricted by Iraqi attacks on power stations during the Iran-Iraq War, reducing available capacity from 8,000 MW toRead MoreFilm Studies of Syriana1030 Words   |  5 Pagesconsider black gold. We must break the addiction to oil and it must be done in a timely manner. The fate of America s survival currently rests in the hands of warlords and unstable country s that are run by the income derived from our enormous consumption. King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia last year made a startling statement. He is quoted as saying â€Å" The oil boom is over and will not return. All of us must get used to a different lifestyle.†(Phillips) The Saudi s are America s main supplier ofRead MoreEnvironmental Impacts Of Transport Systems1351 Words   |  6 Pagesof environmental considerations at all geographical scales, from the global to the local. The nature of these environmental impacts is related to the transport modes themselves, their energy supply systems, their emissions and the infrastructures over which they operate. While consuming large quantities of energy, especially oil, vehicles also emits numerous pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and noise and transport infrastructures have damaged many ecological systems. Several ofRead MoreUs Oil Dependence992 Words   |  4 PagesUNITED STATES OIL DEPENDENCE As the world’s top consumer of oil, how much of that consumption is the United States able to satisfy with its own oil resources and how dependent is it on imported oil? According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), of the oil consumed in the United States in 2008, approximately 57% was imported. Despite popular belief that most of this imported oil would have come from the Middle East, nearly half originated in the Western Hemisphere in countriesRead MoreThe Long Run Economic Growth Of Society1526 Words   |  7 Pagesproven that the long run economic growth of societies is significantly related on their vulnerability and resilience to energy shocks. [1] An energy shock or in other words an energy crisis is an event that occurs when the price of energy resources is sharply increased affecting the supply of major consuming sectors such as the national energy grids and transportation. High energy prices can also result high unemployment rates and rising food prices. A very well-known example of such a crisis was the

Richard Nixon The Second Of Five Children - 1561 Words

Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda California on his father’s lemon farm. Richard Nixon was the second of five children born to Frank Nixon and Hannah Milhous. Unfortunately, two of his brothers died. In 1925, Richard Nixon’s younger brother died and in 1933, his older brother, whom he greatly admired, died of tuberculosis. His ancestors emigrated from Ireland in the 18th century, and settled in Pennsylvania and Indiana. In 1922, Richard Nixon and his family moved to Whittier, California after the lemon farm failed. Richard Nixon regularly attended Quaker services and experienced a rough childhood, having an abusive father and manipulative mother. He attended Whittier High School where he came in second for student body president. Graduating second in his class, he was offered a scholarship to Harvard but was not able to afford the travel and tuition, so enrolled Whittier College, a quaker institution. He excelled as a student and leader. H e became the freshman class President and, as a senior, student body president. Richard Nixon was unable to really excel in football. He graduated second in his class, in 1934, and received a scholarship to Duke Law School. The Whittier College president wrote, â€Å"I believe Nixon will become one of America’s important, if not great leaders.† After finishing up law school, he could not receive a job offer from on of the big New York law firm, even though he was part of the National Scholastic Law Fraternity.Show MoreRelatedRichard Milhouse Nixon Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Milhouse Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon was born to Frank and Hannah Nixon on January 9, 1913. He was the second eldest son of five sons and was born and raised in Yorba Linda, California. His father worked as a jack of all trades until buying a family operated store where Richard worked as a child. Hannah Nixon taught Richard to read young, and by age five he was solidly progressing in the three Rs. Throughout school Richard was always among the top of his class and upon graduationRead MoreRichard Milhous Nixon s Father s Side Of The Family1667 Words   |  7 Pages Richard Milhous Nixon came from a family with a strong heritage. His father s side of the family were Methodists originally from Scotland. Then, in the early 1600s, they migrated to Ireland, and to America in the 1730s. His grandfather, George Nixon, died in the Battle of Gettysburg during the Civil war. Richard s father, Frank Nixon, was born in Ohio. His mother died when he was only 7, and he left home when he was only 14. He went from town to town doing odd jobs and eventually made hisRead MoreThrough it All, Richard Nixon was a Great American635 Words   |  2 PagesRichard Milhous Nixon was the 37th President of the United States of America. He was born in Yorba Linda, California. He was born to Francis Anthony Nixon and Hannah Milhous Nixon. He also was the second of five children, all boys. His brothers Harold and Arthur, died at an early age for him, when Harold died at 24. he was 20, and when Arthur died at 7 years old, Richard was only 12 years old. He was born on a ranch, living in a home his father had built. When the ranch didn’t prosper, the NixonRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was The War Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageson April 30, 1975. There were three total presidents who served during this war, John F. Kennedy who sent American soldiers overseas to Vietnam in 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson who ordered the first real combat by American troops on the Vietcong, and Richard Nixon who issued a ceasefire in 1973 ending the war . Throughout the Vietnam War America spent billions of greenbacks and lost nearly 60,000 American lives. Beginning in 1955, with the help of America massive amounts of U.S. military, political, and economicRead MoreLyndon B. Johnson Biography784 Words   |  4 PagesJohnson was born August 27, 1908, in Stonewall, Texas Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., a politician, farmer, cotton speculator, and newspaper owner, and Rebekah Baines Johnson, a homemaker and sometime newspaper editor (Smallwood). He was he first born of five children. Johnson started school school near his home along the Pedernales River in the Texas hill country at age four. Although at age four, Johnson attended the nearby one-room, one-teacher Junction School, his formal education began in 1913 when he wasRead MoreRonald Reagan: The 40th President of the United States Essay532 Words   |  3 Pagesactress Jane Wyman, he had two children, Maureen and Michael. With Ronald Reagans second wife came two more kids at the height of Reagans popularity as an actor, Maureen was part of the picture-perfect family that, in the 1930s and 40 s, Warner Brothers promoted as Hollywoods wholesome face. Michael was adopted later, in 1946. At a time when joint custody was virtually unknown, the children remained with their mother after Reagan and Wyman divorced in 1949. Reagan had five kids in total and two wivesRead MoreDrug Testing For Welfare Recipients1347 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many concerns surrounding the issue of drug testing welfare recipients, including the cost, constitutionality, and the effect on children. History In 1971, President Richard Nixon initiated the national War on Drugs, which focused on the passage of policies geared toward fighting illegal substances (Amundson, Zajicek, and Hunt, 2014). During this time, Nixon allocated two-thirds of federal dollars for treatment of drug addiction and prevention of new users and one-third of federal dollars forRead MoreEssay on The My Lai Massacre848 Words   |  4 PagesThe My Lai Massacre was the mass murder conducted by a unit of the U.S. army on March 16, 1968 of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens, all of whom were women, children, and elderly. Initially, the massacre was considered a military victory, claiming that 128 Viet Cong and only twenty-two citizens were killed. General William C. Westmoreland, MACV commander, congratulated the unit on an outstanding job. Investigations began with 11th Light Infantry Brigades commanding officer, Colonel Henderson, underRead MoreEssay Other Jobs of Television Personalities680 Words   |  3 PagesBarbara . He has contributed to the networks coverage of Hurricane Sandy, the Joplin tornado, the Sandy Hook School shooting, the Boston Marathon bombing, the 2013 papal conclave, and the 2012 presidential election of President Obama as well as the second inauguration of President Barack Obama, the Jerry Sandusky sex abuse scandal, Tournament of Roses Parade for the last six years. He hosted ESPNs Sports Center each weekday morning, beginning in August 2008. Before joining ESPN, Josh spent six yearsRead MoreCase Study : Agostini Vs. Felton 825 Words   |  4 Pagescould be funded by federal programs to provide aid to challenged students in parochial schools without defying the Establishment Clause. Reflection of the Historical Timeframe as It Relates to the Issue: Of the more than thirty five million American school aged children in the late 1990s, twenty million attended public schools.Experts estimate more than half of parents would have enrolled their students in private schools if they could afford the cost. Even parochial schools that charged lower yearly

Is America Falling Apart Free Essays

â€Å"People are underpaid but they go through an act of liking their work, the open markets are luscious when esculent color, the community is more important than the stat, the human condition is humorously accepted. † (297) â€Å"The quality of life has nothing to do with the quantity of brand names. What matters is talk, family, cheap wine in the open air, the wresting of minimal sweetness out of the long-known bitterness of living. We will write a custom essay sample on Is America Falling Apart? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (297) â€Å"American individualism, on the face of it an admirable philosophy, whishes to manifest itself in independence of the community. You don’t share things in common; you have your own things. A family’s strength is signalized by its possessions. Herein lies a paradox. For the desire for possessions must eventually mea dependence on possessions. (298)† â€Å"New appetites are invented; what to the European are bizarre luxuries become, to the American, plain necessities. 298)† â€Å"It is not right that men and women should fear to go on the streets at nights, and that they should sometimes fear the police as much as criminals. Both of whom sometimes look like a mirror images of each other. (301)† â€Å"The wealth qualification for the aspiring politician is taken for granted; a governmental system dedicated to the promotion of personal wealth in a few selected areas will never act for the public good. The time has come, nevertheless, for citizens to demand, from their government, a measure of socialization—the provision of amenities for the many, of which adequate state pensions and sickness benefits, as well as nationalized transport, should be priorities. (302)† â€Å"I come to America as to a country more simulation than depressing. The future of mankind is being worked out there on a scale typically American—vast, dramatic, almost apocalyptical. I brave the brutality and the guilt in order to be in on the scene. I shall be back. (302)† How to cite Is America Falling Apart?, Papers

Teacher and Softball free essay sample

Sports can be used to learn life lessons in ways that they help shape attitude, portray passion, develop personality, and teach companionship. â€Å"When life throws you a curve ball† means that when life gives you obstacles to overcome. This is a quote relating to life incorporating baseball or softball in to it, using â€Å"curve ball† as a synonym for obstacles. Softball, along with other sports, is a great way to learn life lessons and is not just a sport. A sport, such as softball, is something that many people can benefit from. All ages, starting at 5 can enjoy the game of softball. We, as humans, benefit from learning, enjoying each others’ company, and overcoming and making progress in the game. These concepts can also be related to everyday life because we do each of these things every day. As people, we also need an outlet for our emotions and hardships that we face; softball can help us with this. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher and Softball or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead of taking out anger on another person, we can take our anger out on slamming the pitch and making a home run out of it. If you look at this from a more meaningful prospective, you can take your anger in life and always come out on top if you handle each situation in a positive and professional way. Softball also teaches people to have passion. I give a lot of recognition to the sport for teaching me to have passion not just in the game, but in life. Softball gave me something to be passionate about and also taught me to continue being passionate about other things such as my school work, and being successful. If I did not have softball in my life, I do not even know where I would be today because it was the first thing that I was passionate about. Since I was passionate about softball for all my life, it has given me great opportunities. The best opportunity it has given me is being able to go to a college that I love and also being able to play softball. If I wasn’t as determined and passionate about softball I would have not gotten the opportunity to play at Point Park University. Being an athlete of softball has taught me so much in life. Having a great attitude while laying a sport was not always easy; however, I knew that if I did not have a good attitude I would not do well. This idea, also, carried over to everyday life. If I did not have a good attitude when I woke up in the morning was like if I did not have a good attitude going up to the plate when I was up to bat. I knew I would fail if I did not have this positive attitude. Softball also can teach people to express themselves. I would not be the person I am today if I did not have softball to help shape the person I am. It taught me to communicate as a teammate and be respectful to the other team. I also interpreted this in to my everyday life. If I did not communicate on the field, or if I did not communicate with my friends I would not have successful relationships with people. Also, if I did not respect people, people would not show any respect for me. In conclusion, softball has not only helped me in life with teaching lessons and shaping me as a person, but it has helped a lot of other people as well. Softball, along with other sports, is an exceptional outlet for dealing with emotions and hardships, let alone also teaching great life lessons.

Hate Crimes in New York

Hate Crimes in New York Summary Under the assessment of the problem, the problem that is under investigation will be identified and discussed (hate crimes in New York) in detail by examining the various facts and information available on the problem. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hate Crimes in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The historical time line of the project will also be discussed where the events that provided a background to the problem will be identified and explained. Quantitative information will also be used to provide a more realistic description of the problem. The policies that are available to deal with the problem will also be identified and highlighted within the research paper to determine their effectiveness in dealing with the problem under study. The literature review section of the paper will involve analyzing the various sources of literature that contain information on the problem. The literature revi ew will involve assessing reports, publications, articles, journals and scholarly books to gain more information on the topic. The stakeholder analysis section of this research paper will involve identifying the various clients and stakeholders of the research information. These are the people who will be affected by the research findings and who will be responsible in implementing the policies designed to deal with the problem. The stakeholders are also the clients of the study’s outcomes. Option specification will involve identifying 3 to 5 options that can be used to remedy the problem at hand. Each of these options will be designed to include a change to the policy that has been used in dealing with the problem. The options will be discussed in a table format where the changes that are involved will be highlighted as well as the people responsible for implementing the change. The general view of the stakeholders will also be determined to see if they agree to the change s in policy. The option analysis section will deal with a five step basic assessment of the options outlined in the option specification stage. The first step will involve conducting a political feasibility to determine whether there is stakeholder consensus or opposition to the plan. Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An administrative feasibility assessment will also be conducted to determine whether there will be any complexities during the implementation of the plan as well as legal constraints. The financial feasibility assessment will be conducted to determine whether any expenditures or savings will be derived from the options chosen to change the policy. Equity will involve determining the fairness of the options selected in dealing with those affected by the problem while effectiveness will determine whether the selected options or option will achieve the desired results. Once the five step basic assessment has been conducted, a suitable recommendation will be selected to deal with the problem. Introduction The purpose of this project will be to focus on the topic of hates crimes in the state of New York which has been on the increase and how these hate crimes can be reduced through the formulation of effective policies. Hate crimes are any acts of violence or discrimination that are directed towards an individual believed to belong to a certain social group or society which can be a religious group, an ethnic society, a political affiliation or a sexual orientation group (Bell, 2002: Bowling, 2003). Hate crimes usually involve physical violence, assault or damage to property and any other form of violence that is directed to an individual that belongs to any of the above mentioned groups. Hate crimes are a serious offence as they cause a lot of psychological trauma to the people who are victims of this form of violence (Jacobs P otter, 1998). The NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services defines hate crimes as any criminal acts that involve violence, intimidation and destruction of property based on biasness and prejudice of an individual believed to be from a minority group. The NYS law stipulates that a person is guilty of committing a hate crime when they intentionally intimidate or persecute a person based on their religion and religious practices, race, color, gender, disability or sexual orientation. A person is also guilty of committing a hate crime when they intentionally commit the act with the full knowledge or belief of the victim’s religion, gender, disability, ethnic background, sexual orientation and color (New York State, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hate Crimes in New York specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current laws and policies in place to deal with hate crimes have mostly focused on defining the spe cific acts that constitute hate crimes, defining perpetrators of hates crimes under the penalty-enhancement laws and creating distinct civil actions that are meant to deal with hate crimes (Spodek, 2010). In the United States, the laws that are in place to deal with hate crimes mostly focus on persecuting people who are found guilty of committing hate crimes on individuals perceived to be from a different religion, nation, sexual orientation, gender or race. Hate crimes are a criminal offence in all of the states of America and the penalties that are usually served to hate crime perpetrators are usually very severe (Schwartz, 2006). Clients of the Research The purpose of this policy analysis will be to analyze and assess hate crimes in New York and the policy framework that has been instituted by the state of New York to address the escalating cases of hate crimes in the state. The information gathered from this policy analysis is meant to provide important data to the various gov ernment and state agencies within New York that are involved in human rights and hate crime awareness campaigns that will enable them to react to the growing cases of hate crimes directed towards minority groups. The information garnered from this study will also be useful in helping government agencies such as the Office of the Governor of New York and the Mayor to formulate important policies that are meant to deal with hate crimes in New York and the United States in general Role of the Researcher As an independent analyst contracted by the state of New York to assess the policies that exist on hate crimes, my role in the policy analysis process will be to analyze the various facts, findings, discussions and literature that exist on hate crimes in the state of New York and also carry out an assessment of the problem under study by looking at the various actions that lead to the increase of hate crimes in New York. The role of the policy analyst will also be to gain vital quanti tative data on the problem under assessment by reviewing various statistics and reports that have been done on hate crimes in the state of New York. By reviewing important statistical information, the analyst will be able to provide useful facts that will shade more light on hate crimes and the victims of hate crimes in the state of New York.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Action Forcing Event of the Research The action forcing event that has formed the foundation for this research is the increasing prevalence of hate crimes in the state of New York. A hate crime that occurred in 2008 that was a cause of alarm for many statesmen in New York was the attack of two Ecuadorian brothers, Jose Sucuzhanay and Romel Sucuzhanay on December 8, 2008. The perpetrators of the Ecuadorian attack were anti-gay and anti-Hispanic racists who attacked the two brothers because they were Hispanics and they also believed that they were gay. The attack which took place in Brooklyn ended with Jose Sucuzhanay losing his life five days after being admitted in hospital. This attack together with other hate crimes that occurred the following year showed the escalating cases of hate crime in the state of New York (Division of Human Rights, 2009). Assessment of the Problem According to Fetzer (2010), hate crimes have increased in New York by 14 percent between 2008 and 2009 comp ared to the previous year’s reported cases of hate crimes. Most of these hate crimes according to Fetzer have been directed towards members of the Jewish community, homosexuals, African-Americans and people from the Hispanic community. According to the study, the number of hate crimes that were reported to the New York State Police in 2009 amounted to 683 with the most common violent acts being intimidation and vandalism/destruction of property. In 2008, the number of hate crimes reported to the state authorities totaled 599 with the most common targets being members from religious groups, ethnic communities and sexual orientation groups. These figures are in sharp contrast with the hate crimes reported in 2007 which totaled 493 cases that were directed towards members of a different ethnic race, religion sexual orientation, ethnicity and disability. In 2007, religious groups had the highest number of hate crime offenses when compared to 2008 statistics which showed that ha te crimes were committed against people of a different ethnic race or nationality (Fetzer, 2010). Problem Definition In the state of New York, hate crimes mostly occur because of the social differences and prejudices that exist within the society where the country’s most populous state has citizens that practice different lifestyles and ways of living (Gerstenfeld, 2011). The growing number of ethnic communities in the state has also contributed to the high number of hate crime incidences in New York. The remarkable diversity that is being experienced in New York has presented a major challenge for both the local authorities and citizens of the state as a result of the many ethnic groups and societies that live within the state. This has created a situation where many of these groups want their needs to be catered for at the expense of average New York citizens (Levin Amster, 2007). Historical Timeline and Background of the Problem The history of hate crimes in New York mos tly has its background in the racial discrimination that many African-American and Hispanic communities faced in the early 20th century. Racial discrimination becomes a form of hate crime especially when it becomes violent and harmful. Many African-Americans faced a lot of discrimination during the 19th and 20th century which was demonstrated by slavery and violent acts on colored people. These violent acts were mostly mob beatings, rapes, violent attacks and assaults on people who had African origins. Such discrimination paved the way for hate crimes in the United States where the same ethnic group continued to be attacked and assaulted because of the color of their skin (Tynes et al, 2009). To respond to hate crimes in the state of New York, Governor George Pataki signed a piece of legislation known as the New York Hate Crimes Act in 2000 which was enacted in the same year to deal with the growing cases of bias or prejudice-based hate crimes in the state. Under the Hate Crimes Act, people who discriminated against others because of their color, race, gender or sexual orientation were termed to be hate crime offenders who were subject to prosecution by the State of New York. The act specified the type of punishment hate crime offenders would be subjected to if they were found to guilty of committing hate crimes. The Hate Crimes Act also specified the type of crimes that were considered to be hate crimes or bias motivated crimes committed against the members of a protected minority group. Despite this being the only law used to deal with hate crimes in New York, it marked the beginning of government initiatives in the state of New York to deal with hate crimes (Kristi, 2010). Quantitative Information about the Problem The trend of hate crimes against members of minority groups such as homosexuals, African-Americans, the Jewish, Hispanics and disabled people continued to increase during the end of the 20th century and the beginning of 20th century where man y states in America recorded high incidences of hate crimes against people of different ethnic orientation. These incidences were mostly common in urban and socially diverse societies that hosted a variety of socially oriented individuals from different ethnic communities and societies (Herek et al, 1998). According to data released by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) the incidence of hate crime began to escalate or increase in the year 2000 where 450 more cases of hate crimes were reported to have been committed against homosexuals and 1500 more cases of hate crimes were reported to have occurred in members of a different ethnic race (Shively, 2005). This increase in ethnic motivated hate crimes continued to increase over eight years where according to data released by the Division of Criminal Justice in New York in 2008, hate crime offenses committed against people of a different ethnic race recorded a higher percentage increase of 14% when compared to crimes committed against t he other groups which fall under the protected minority groups (Fetzer, 2009). Policies on Hate Crime Most of the hate crime legislature and policies in existence today within the US were developed after the Civil War to deal with the colorblind system of justice and inequality of ethnic communities during that time. Statutes such as Section 241 and 242 were incorporated into the US constitution to deal with individuals who had perpetrated hate crimes on other people. Some of the acts and policies that fall under these statutes include the first Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act, the Hate Crimes Statistics Act and the Church Arson Prevention Act which was meant to prevent racial attacks on Black American churches (Streissguth, 2009). Many states in the US have implemented policies to deal with hate crimes and other acts of discrimination that are identified to be hate crimes. While these policies differ from state to state, their main focus is o n punishing offenders of hate crimes who are deemed to be criminal perpetrators by the American law (Cogan, 2002). Many law enforcement agencies in the US have designed and developed policies that are meant to deal with hate crimes in the various states (Gerstenfeld Grant, 2004). In New York, various hate crime policies have been formulated to deal with various forms of discrimination, vandalism, assault or violent attacks on women (Jenness, 2003), disabled persons or people believed to be from different social groups and communities. The state has incorporated a hate crime statute under the Hate Crimes Bill H.R. 2647 that is meant to deal with hate crimes committed against its citizens who are either Americans or Non-Americans. The statute developed by the New York State Division of Human Rights to address any violent, discriminate and socially biased acts committed against the socially diverse citizens of the state (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The Hate Crimes Act of 2000 is the main statute and law that is used by the state of New York to deal with hate crimes and hate crime offenses against people believed to be from a protected minority group in America. The Hate Crimes Act of 2000 was enacted into law in 2000 by Governor George Pataki to address the increases cases of hate crimes that were taking place in the state at an escalating rate. During its first year of enactment, the Hate Crimes Act was able to bring down the incidences of hate crimes committed against people of a different sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious affiliation and gender based on a 2002 report released by the Uniform Crime Reports organization (Shively, 2005). While hate crimes still persisted in New York, the act was able to provide law enforcement agencies with the ability to persecute people found guilty of committing hate crime offenses in the state. Literature Review Nature of the Problem There has been a dramatic increase in hate crime literature and research whic h has contributed in part to government collection programs and statistics that contain qualitative and quantitative information on hate crimes. The nature of hate crimes in New York is mostly characterized by the type of people targeted by hate crimes and also how the crimes are perpetuated. For example in 2008, there was an escalating case of hate crimes committed on people from certain ethnic communities, sexual orientation groups and religious groups within the state. Some of these hate crimes included the brutal attack of a Muslim teenager in 2008 by four American teenagers, the stabbing of an Ecuadorian immigrant, Marcelo Lucero by a mob of teenagers in Long Island looking for Latinos to beat up, the shooting of a transgender woman by a perpetrator who thought she was gay and the violent attack of two Ecuadorian brothers in Brooklyn by three anti-gay and anti-Hispanic men (Division of Human Rights, 2009). In the case of the Muslim teenager, the perpetrators were anti-Obama a s they shouted Obama while beating up the teenager with a baseball bat. The perpetrators in the stabbing of the Ecuadorian immigrant were teenagers who were discriminative of Latinos or people of Hispanic descent as they had said they were driving around Patchogue looking for Latinos to beat up. In the case of Latiesha Green, a transgender woman, the perpetrator shot her because he thought that she was gay. This mistaken identity was mostly attributed to the fact that she was sitting inside a car with her brother. The perpetrators of the Ecuadorian attack were anti-gay and anti-Hispanic racists who attacked the two brothers because they were Hispanics and they also believed that they were gay (Division of Human Rights, 2009). These alarming incidences of hate crimes demonstrate that the problem is escalating in the State of New York and that there is an urgent need to impose restrictions and measures that will ensure hate crimes are dealt with in New York. According to Perry (2003 ), the long term nature of hate crimes is that it never tends to stop unless the relevant authorities stop it through the implementation of effective interventions. Perry notes that the nature of these crimes usually ends in the loss of a life, property, income and the emotional destruction of a person’s well-being. The perpetrators of these crimes initially tend to instill fear in their victims and force them to leave or adapt to the normal way of life (Hall 2005). In response to the increasing cases of hate crimes against people of a different sexual orientation, race, religion and color, the New York State Division of Human Rights established a Hate Crimes Task Force (HCTF) in January 2009 to respond to the escalating cases of bias-motivated crimes in the State of New York. The purpose of this task force was to develop effective interventions that would be used to prevent hate crimes in New York as well as increase the awareness levels of New Yorkers to enable them build tolerance to all members of the society (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (GLAAD) and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community in the Bronx area of New York have conducted outreach and awareness campaigns on the need to live harmoniously within the New York society (Grautski, 2010). The state of California has also been able to establish a hate crimes taskforce through a joint collaboration with the FBI office located in Riverside County and the Riverside County Sheriff’s Department in California. The hate crimes task force which was formed in 2003 was meant to address the escalating cases of hate crimes in the Los Angeles and Riverside Counties of California by enabling the local FBI to have more investigative depth when it came to investigating hate crimes in the state. One notable achievement of the task force was the arrest of 18 white supremacists who were in possession of guns, ammunition and Nazi pa raphernalia (FBI, 2006). Another state in America that has recorded high incidences of hate crimes is the state of Massachusetts which has established a hate crimes task force known as the Governor’s Task Force on Hate Crimes. This task force was created by Governor William Weld and it was later given a permanent status by Governor Paul Cellucci in 1998. The task force was meant to address hate crimes in the state of Massachusetts by creating awareness of what constitutes hate crimes in public schools and communities (Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2007). The state of New Jersey has also recorded high incidences of hate crimes mostly committed against homosexuals and lesbians. The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Foundation was established in 2006 to deal with the rising cases of homophobic attacks committed against members of the lesbian community (National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2006). Other states that have developed hate crimes taskforces and committees to deal with the rising cases of hate crimes include the Tennessee Equality Project Foundation which helps the victims and families of hate crimes by offering them with protection and justice against hate crime perpetrators (TEP, 2011) and the Northern District of Texas Hate Crimes Task Force which was established by the state of Texas in collaboration with the civil rights working group in the area to deal with the awareness of communities in Dallas, Texas on hate crime offenses (FBI Dallas, 2011). State of Scholarly Knowledge and Research While there has been a long history of criminal literature that has mainly focused on bigotry and bias as aspects of crime, the study of hate crime began to receive some substantial frequency during the past recent years. The study of hate crime has increased from the occasional research work conducted during the 1980s by criminal researchers such as Finn and McNeil (1988) and Weiss and Ephross (1989) to a steady flow of studies, reports and quantitati ve data that has characterized many 21st century criminologists such as Berk et al (2003), Barnes and Ephross (1994), Dharmapala (2004), Boeckmann and Turpin (2002) and Kuehnle and Sullivan (2001). The various bodies of research that exist on hate crimes have outlined the various causes and consequences of hate crimes to be caused by social prejudices and societal indifferences where the original citizens of the society are not willing to adopt the styles of living of any new social or ethnic group (Craig, 2002). Other causes of hate crimes have been caused by the non-conformity to societal values and beliefs where new citizens to the society refuse to change their ways of living to suit the present society’s views and values (Craig, 2003). Economic and financial problems have also been a major contributor to the occurrence of hate crimes where the citizens of a particular society struggle to utilize the scarce resources that exist with that society (Perry, 2003). Moderniza tion and urbanization have also contributed in a large way to the various forms of hate crimes that mostly occur in highly urbanized and populous areas such as New York (Green et al, 2003: McPhail, 2002). The major conclusions that have been derived from hate crime studies conducted by Rayburn et al (2003), Steen and Cohen (2004) and Shively et al (2001) are that hate crimes are more prevalent than what has been reported in criminal investigations and government reports. This means that the majority of hate crime victims do not report any violent attacks and assaults to the police or any state agencies that deal with human rights. The conclusions of hate crime studies have also shown that hate crimes have a serious and negative consequence on the victims of these crimes who eventually suffer from psychological trauma (Flint, 2004). The research work has also concluded that the perpetrators of hate crimes are usually individuals who belong to certain extremist groups that are guide d by certain beliefs and values which they deem to be acceptable to the other members of the society (Shively, 2005). The theories that have been postulated to explain hate crimes include the behavioral and social sciences such as the personality theories where the various personalities and characteristics of people are analyzed to determine their behavior towards other people (Johnson Byers, 2003). The personality theories have proved to be important in determining the behavioral characteristics of individuals who commit hate crimes. Some of the personality theories have identified people who are aggressive in nature and also authoritative are more than likely to engage in hate crimes. Other theories that have been used to discuss the causes of hate crimes are the social and behavioral theories which mostly focus on the modernization of societies around the world and how members of these modern societies react to foreigners or groups that do not display similar tendencies and beh avior (Rose Mechanic, 2002). According the various studies that have been conducted on hate crime in the US, many states have implemented government-sponsored hate crime initiatives that involve the local justice and law enforcement agencies. Apart from government initiatives, various states have implemented statutes that are meant to protect their citizens against any hate crimes (Franklin, 2002). Washington and Oregon were the first states in America to enact hate crime statutes that were meant to persecute any perpetrators of hate crimes in those states. This paved the way for the other states in the country to enact statutes that would be used to deal with hate crimes directed towards religious groups, sexual orientation groups, political affiliation groups and disabled persons (Anti-Defamation League, 2003). Stakeholder Analysis Key Influential Players The six key influential players and organizations in the State of New York that have a direct impact on the formulation of ha te crime statutes, policies and laws include the Division of Human Rights, the Governor of the state of New York, the Hates Crime Task Force, law enforcement agencies and the Division of Criminal Justice (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The NYS Division of Human Rights in New York deals with the prosecution of offenders who have been found to engage in unlawful discriminatory practices against people of a protected minority group. The decision characteristics that are used by the Division of Human Rights in prosecuting hate crime offenders include the race, origin or ethnicity of the hate crime victims, the sexual orientation of the victims and their religious affiliations (Muslims, Islamists, Protestants and Jews). The Division of Human Rights usually receives, investigates and resolves any complaints of racial discrimination based on these characteristics (DHR, 2010). The key figure charged with the operation of DHR is the commissioner of the organization who is currently Galen Kirkland. He has developed a vocal stand against hate crimes by speaking against any form of discrimination or bias motivated attacks that have been done on people from a protected minority group. He has made his opinions clear about hate crimes by publicly responding to hate crime assaults that have been committed on minority groups within the state of New York. Kirkland publicly spoke out against the perpetrators of hate crime when he commented on the sentencing of Dwight DeLee, a hate crime perpetrator who killed a transgender woman, Lateisha Green, because he thought that she was gay. Kirkland supported the court’s decision to sentence DeLee to life imprisonment by saying that the decision was meant to serve as a reminder that the state of New York was not tolerant to hate crimes. Kirkland noted that changes needed to take place within the American society that would reduce the level of bigotry and biasness that existed amongst the various community members. This was a process that was going to take a lot of time but In the meantime, Kirkland together with the Governor developed a Hate Crime Task Force that would deal with hate crimes in New York (Mulvaney Centeno, 2009). The Office of the Governor in New York is mostly mandated with enforcing any state laws or policies that might affect the governance of New York. The Office of the Governor is instrumental in dealing with hate crimes in New York as it has the necessary authority and power to enact hate crimes policies and laws. The Governor’s office in New York established a Hate Crime Task Force in 2009 that would respond to the growing cases of hate crimes in the city. The decision characteristics that the office considered to deal with hate crimes in New York racially motivated offenses or attacks where the race characteristics include African Americans, Latinos, Muslims or Hispanics, religious motivated offenses where the decision characteristics include Muslim, Islamists or Jews, s exual-orientation offenses where the decision characteristics used to make a decision include homosexuals, lesbians or transgender or ethnically motivated hate crimes where the decision characteristics include nationality of the victim, community practices of the victim and the relationship that the victim’s home country has with the United States (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The previous Governor of New York, David Paterson, has also been instrumental in the enactment of various laws that will curb hate crimes in the United States. While he was not as vocal as Mayor Bloomberg or the commissioner of DHR, the Governor initiated several hate crime task forces to deal with the escalating cases of hate crimes especially after the death of Lateisha Green, the death of two Hispanic brothers and the brutal stabbing of a Muslim cab driver, Ahmed Hassan Sharif. The Hate Crimes Task Force (HCTF) which was established by the Office of the Governor is charged with dealing with vict ims of hate crimes as well as reporting hate crime perpetrators to the appropriate authorities. The HCTF is also charged with creating awareness of the diversity in the State of New York to ensure residents are tolerant of each other. The decision characteristics that the HCTF uses to carry out its mandate include the type of protected minority group targeted by bias motivated crimes (disabled, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race and color), the perpetrators of the crime (age, race, nationality, gender, and ethnicity) and the type of offense (murder, robbery, assault, intimidation, arson, burglary, vandalism, burglary). Some of the members of the task force include Tina Stanford, the chairlady of the Crime Victims Board and Lorraine Cortes, the Secretary of State of New York. Both Stanford and Cortes are dedicated to reducing the level of hate crimes in New York where each member in their own capacities deal with victims of hate crimes. For example Stanford manages the cri me victims board which deals with people who have been assaulted through racial motivation or minority group biasness. Cortes on the other hand deals with formulating policies and laws that will be used to deal with hate crime perpetrators in the state of New York. Cortes support for the Hate Crimes Task Force developed by Governor Paterson was evident when she commended him for developing a unit that would deal with the escalating cases of hate crime. Her support for dealing with hate crimes was also evident during the funeral of an Ecuadorian immigrant who had been killed Hispanic racists (Macropoulos, 2008). The law enforcement agencies that exist in the state of New York include the NYPD, the NYS Division of Criminal Justice, NYS Division of State Police and the NYS Department of Correctional Services. The main purpose of these government departments is to maintain order within New York by identifying, prosecuting and detaining criminal offenders. The decision characteristics that are used by these state agencies when dealing with cases of hate crimes include the type of protected minority group that has been targeted by bias motivated crimes (disabled, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race and color), the perpetrators of the crime (age, race, nationality, gender, and ethnicity) and the type of offense (murder, robbery, assault, intimidation, arson, burglary, vandalism, burglary). These five groups have the ability to impact on any decision the client chooses with regards to implementing a policy to counter the escalating cases of hate crimes in New York. Denise O’ Donnell, the Commissioner of the Division of Criminal Justice, has played an instrumental role in establishing the Hate Crimes Task Force in the western part of New York. Her professional history also demonstrates her dedication to reducing hate crimes and discrimination in the state of New York. For example, during her tenure as the chief federal prosecutor for the 17 counties th at fall in the western district of New York, O’Donnell was able to establish a program that would prevent discrimination when it came to housing for members from minority or ethnically diverse groups such as the Hispanics and the Black Americans. During her 2007 appointment as the commissioner of DCJ, O’Donnell vowed to reduce violent crime in the state which encompassed sexual offenses, gun violence and racially motivated crimes (DCJS, 2007). Key Influential Organizations Key Figures Division of Human Rights (DHR) Galen D. Kirkland, Commissioner of DHR Office of the Governor David A. Paterson, Governor of New York Division of Criminal Justice (DCJ) Denise E. O’Donnell, DCJ Commissioner Hate Crimes Task Force Tina Stanford (Chairlady, Crime Victims Board) and Lorraine Cortes (Department of State) Law Enforcement Agencies Colonel Tom Fazio, New York State Police Support to Change All these organizations have provided support to the various govern ment agencies in the state of New York such as the federal and state courts in persecuting perpetrators of hate crimes. Their continued support to vital government policies and statutes will be important as the US government is committed towards fighting hate crimes in the country. The Office of the Governor in the State of New York has proved to be an important government office as it has established the Hate Crime Task Force to deal with increasing cases of bias-motivated crimes in the state. Under the stewardship of Governor David A. Peterson, the taskforce has developed strategies and goals that will be used to prevent hate crimes within the state of New York by increasing the awareness of the citizens towards hates crimes. The taskforce is meant to cater to the diverse needs of the ethnically varied New York state and its citizens who have mostly been subjected to hate crimes such as vandalism, assault, verbal or physical attacks and discrimination (Division of Human Rights, 2009). Option Specification The current hate crimes policy in New York is meant to deal with any acts of violence that are committed against individuals from a sexual orientation group (homosexuals, lesbians and bisexuals), an ethnic community in the United States (Hispanics, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans), a religious group (Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Islam) and a racial group (African-Americans, Asians). The options that are available to the government office in New York charged with the overall welfare of New Yorkers will be to; develop protocols for state agencies and community based organizations that are concerned with hate crime victims, create a hate crimes policy for all law enforcement agencies within the state of New York, provide hate crime training to state prosecutors, support the development of hate crime curricula that is meant to increase awareness on hate crimes in New York (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The first strategic option will involve developing protocols for s tate agencies and community based organizations that are involved with providing services to victims and witnesses of hate crimes. This will entail changing the policy that is concerned with protocols that are used in dealing with hate crimes. This policy change came about from the Immigration Subcommittee based in New York that developed a hate crime protocol that would be used to provide a consistent approach to responding to hate crime victims (Division of Human Rights, 2009). The proposed policy change to the hate crime protocol will therefore complement the work that is being done by the state agencies to address the plight of hate crime victims and witnesses by providing suitable guidelines that will be used to document hate crime offenses. The procedure will require all state agencies and organizations to seek assistance and report any hate crimes to the state of New York police force thereby reducing crimes related to hate. The state offices that will be responsible for t he implementation of the hate crime protocol will include the NYS immigration department, state agencies, community based organizations in New York and the Division of Human Rights. The second option will involve developing curricula that will be used to increase hate crime awareness and also reduce the social stigma of protected minority groups in the state of New York. This policy developed by the Education and Outreach Subcommittee in New York aims to develop curricula that will be used to reduce the stigma of minority groups in educational settings as well as in the New York society. This material will be distributed in various social institutions in the state to ensure that all members of the society are aware of the dangers of hate crimes. Increased awareness in the state will reduce the rate of hate crimes as victims will be able to speak out on any bias motivated offense committed against them and the members of the New York society will also be able to report any hate crim es witnesses and perpetrators to the police. Awareness will also ensure that the members of the society do not tolerate any hate crime offenses and are aware of the various human rights organizations that have been established to deal with this issue. The NYS state agencies that will be involved in the exercise include the State Education Department, NYS United Teachers (NYSUT), the Hate Crimes Task Force and the Office of the Governor. The third option that can be used to effect a policy change in hate crimes is conducting hate crime training for state prosecutors and attorneys in the state of New York. Experienced prosecutors who have dealt with hate crimes in the various counties of New York will go through a one-day training course that will enable them to learn on how to conduct hate crimes investigations, presenting hate crimes issues to juries and also how to work with community based organizations to reduce the cases of hate crimes in New York. Training prosecutors and all criminal attorneys on hate crimes will reduce the number of hate crimes in the State where attorneys will be able to properly present hate crimes court cases before the judiciary for appropriate persecution. The hate crimes training initiative for state prosecutors was a request made by the Deputy Secretary of the Division of Criminal Justice, Denise O’Donnell, who wanted the training of state prosecutors and attorneys updated. The state offices that will be responsible for the implementation will therefore be the Office of the District Attorney, the Depart of Justice for the State of New York, the Division of Criminal Justice Services and the New York Prosecutor’s Training Institute (NYPTI). The fourth option will involve developing hate crime policies for all law enforcement agencies in the state of New York. This will involve developing a model policy that will be used by all law enforcers in the state to deal with victims and witnesses of hate crimes. This policy option has its basis on the training of 400 law enforcement officers in 2008 that received training on domestic extremism in the state. This model policy will be useful in training officers on how they can be able to identify and define hate crimes and also what investigative steps they will use to deal with the perpetrators of hate crimes. The policy will also outline the procedure that police officers have to follow when investigating and arresting perpetrators of hate crimes. The policy and training is meant to reduce the level of hate crimes in New York by providing sensitivity training, hate crime investigative skills and correct hate crime offense reporting. The government offices and agencies that will be involved in the development of hate crime policies for law enforcement officers will be the NYS police departments and the arm of Criminal Justice Services. Evaluation Criteria The evaluation criteria that will be used analyzing the selected options will involve conductin g a political feasibility to determine whether all the major stakeholders agree to the changes on hate crime policies within the state. The administrative feasibility of the policy problem will involve determining the administrative complexities that will be involved in implementing any of the options as well as the labor and man hours needed to implement the policy changes. The financial feasibility as an evaluation criterion will assess each option to determine the amount of financial resources needed to implement and operationalize the policy in the state. Equity will measure whether the selected option will be fair to all the parties that are concerned with reducing the levels of hate crimes in the state while effectiveness will determine whether the selected option will effectively reduce the rate of hate crimes in New York. Effectiveness will be measured by monitoring the performance measures of the selected option. Option Analysis The political feasibility of the problem wi ll be determined by the extent of policy changes that need to be made to ensure the issue of hate crimes has been dealt with in the state. If all the political stakeholders of the policy such as the Governor Cuomo and Mayor Bloomberg agree that policy changes need to be made to the existing hate crime policies then the options suggested will be viable. The option of modifying the existing hate crime policies used by law enforcement agencies will be more politically viable than the other three options because it deals with hate crime policies that will be used by law enforcement agencies to deal with cases of hate crimes in New York. Since both the mayor and the Governor want to reduce the cases of hate crimes, this will be the most politically feasible option (Grattet Jenness, 2001). The administrative feasibility of training all state prosecutors and law enforcement agencies on hate crime protocols will not be administratively feasible as it will require a lot of time, money and resources to develop training programs for the many law enforcement officers and attorneys in the State of New York. The option of training public prosecutors on ways of handling hate crimes will also involve making a few amendments to the Penal Law of New York to ensure that state prosecutors are able to handle the different groups affected by hate crimes. These amendments to the Penal Law will include a subdivision that will deal with hate crimes committed on the personal property of a person believed to be from a different race, religion, nationality, gender, age or sexual orientations and another subdivision that will deal with the persecution of perpetrators believed to have committed hate crimes based on the protected classes of social groups mentioned in before (Marcus, 2002). This option will present some legal constraints and complexities to the obligated bodies during the implementation process which might in the end take a long time to implement. The administrative fe asibility of developing curricula for hate crime awareness is more preferable when compared to the other three options as it will ensure that a large area of the state has been covered by hate crime awareness campaigns and educational tours conducted by the State Education Department and the Hate Crimes Task Force. With regards to financial feasibility, the options of conducting hate crime training for state prosecutors and developing curricula that will be used for hate crime awareness will be more less costly when compared to developing policies for law enforcement agencies and protocols that will be used by community based organizations which will all require a substantive amount of money to be implemented into the Hate Crimes law that is currently use in the state of New York. Training state prosecutors on how to handle hate crimes will reduce the amount of time spent in court dealing with law suits or cases filed against suspects of hate crimes while training law enforcement o fficers will also reduce the amount of time and money spent on reporting and investigating hate crimes. The important stakeholders who are responsible for the financial feasibility of the policy change will be the Office of the Governor, the Division of Criminal Justice, the Office of the District Attorney and the Hate Crimes Task Force. In terms of equity, the option of modifying hate policies for law enforcers will be fair to the social groups mostly affected by hate crimes as it will enable the various police departments in New York to cater to the various victims and witnesses of hate crimes in New York. The policies will ensure that law enforcers are sensitized on how to handle victims of hate crimes so that they gain equitable justice. The participation of the police commissioner of the NYS state police department, Col. Tom Fazio, will ensure that all officers operating within the jurisdiction are sensitized on how to handle hate crimes and also conduct exhaustive investigati ons to ensure that the perpetrators of hate crimes have been apprehended. This option will therefore offer more equitability when compared to the other options. The effectiveness of the options will mostly be determined by whether it will reduce the rates of hate crime in New York. This will be measured by the performance outcome of the options where each option will be accorded a measure that will be used to assess whether it has been effective in reducing the rate of hate crimes within the state. As the policies have as yet not been implemented or effected, the effectiveness of the most suitable policy will be determined by the number of people that are targeted under the policy. The policy option of developing curricula based on hate crimes will reach a far larger number of people in the state when compared to training for state prosecutors and law enforcers as it will ensure that all the residents of the state have been sensitized on the importance of reducing stigma on protect ed minority groups. This option will therefore be more effective as a large number of people will be targeted by the awareness and sensitization efforts. Key Players/ Stakeholders Client Political Feasibility High High Administrative Feasibility High Moderate Financial Feasibility Moderate High Equity Low Moderate Effectiveness High High Recommendations While all the options will effectively deal with hate crimes in New York, the option that has a high probability of dealing with hate crimes is developing protocols that will be used by state agencies and organizations that deal with hate crimes. This option is more suitable and relevant to the current situation as it will be able to reduce the incidences of hate crime currently being experienced in the state of New York. Once the protocols are implemented, they will be able to effectively reduce the incidences of hate crimes as law enforcement agencies will be equipped with the necessary investigative and reporting procedures. Argument for the Option The development protocols of protocols for state agencies and organizations concerned with hate crime victims and witnesses is the best option of dealing with hate crimes in New York as it will not require any additional resources or staff to implement. This protocol will utilize the systems that currently exist to strengthen the consistent approaches of dealing with hate crime victims and witnesses. The hate crime protocols will compliment the work being done by the state agencies and organizations by providing more tools and materials that will be used to respond to hate crimes. The protocols will be used to provide training to police officers on how they can conduct hate crime investigations and they can also be used by the state prosecutor’s office to persecute hate crime offenders in court. Argument against the Options These protocols will however take a long time to implement and operationalise because they will necessitate administ rative and organizational restructuring which will require a lot of money. They will also need to be debated on by the various stakeholders of the policy change to determine whether they can be effective in reducing the rates of hate crimes in New York. These debates might be subject to political interference where the majority vote might see the protocols not being approved at all. In the long term however, they will equip many state agencies with the proper mechanisms and tools to deal with victims and witnesses of hate crimes where equipping community based employees will ensure that they are able to minimize the amount of psychological trauma incurred by the victim as a result of the hate crime. Closing Summary Once the most viable and feasible options have been selected, the next step for the policy analyst will involve presenting the selected options to the various stakeholders of the policy for debate and enactment. References Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (2003). State hate crimes/statutory provisions. New York: Anti-Defamation League Barnes, A., Ephross, P.H., (1994). The impact of hate violence on victims: emotional and behavioral responses to attacks. Social Work, 39(3), 247-251 Bell, J., (2002). Policing hatred. New York: New York University Press Berk, R.A., Boyd, E.A., Hammer, K.A., (2003). Thinking more clearly about hate-motivated crimes. Hate and Bias Crime, 49-60 Boeckmann, R.J., Turpin, P.C., (2002). Understanding the harm of hate crime. Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), 207-225 Bowling, B., (2003). Racial harassment and the process of victimization: conceptual and methodological implications for the local crime survey. Hate and Bias Crime, 61-76 Cogan, J.C., (2002). Hate crime as a crime category worthy of policy attention. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 173-185 Commonwealth of Massachusetts (2007). Governor’s task force in hate crimes. Retrieved from: mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminalL=3L0=HomeL1=Crime+Prevention+%26+Personal+ SafetyL2=Personal+Safetysid=Eeopsb=terminalcontentf=eops_govtaskforce_hatecrimescsid=Eeops Craig, K.M., (2002). Examining hate-motivated aggression: a review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(1), 85-101 Craig, K.M., (2003). Examining hate-motivated aggression: a review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Hate and Bias Crime, 109-116 Dharmapala, D., (2004). Penalty enhancement for hate crimes: an economic analysis. American Law and Economics Review, 6(1), 185-207 DCJS (2007, March). Denise O’Donnell confirmed as DCJS commissioner. Retrieved February 2, 2011 from: http://criminaljustice.state.ny.us/pio/press_releases/2007-03-21_pressrelease.html DHR (2010). NYS Division of Human Rights. Retrieved from: dhr.state.ny.us/mission.html Division of Human Rights (2009, July). Hate crime task force recommendations. Retrieved from http://criminalj ustice.state.ny.us/pio/annualreport/hate_crimes_task_force_report.pdf FBI (2006). Behind the numbers: Hate crimes task force nets results. Retrieved from: fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/april/hatecrimes_041006 FBI Dallas (2011). Partnerships. Retrieved from: http://dallas.fbi.gov/partners.htm Fetzer, M., (2010, December). Hate crime in New York State 2009 annual report. Retrieved from: http://criminaljustice.state.ny.us/crimnet/ojsa/hate-crime-in-nys-2009-annual-report.pdf Finn, P., McNeil, T., (1988). Bias crime and the criminal justice response. Cambridge, Massachusetts: ABT Associates Incorporated Flint, C., (2004). Introduction to spaces of hate: geographies of discrimination and intolerance in the USA. Spaces of Hate, 1-20 Franklin, K., (2002). Good intentions: the enforcement of hate crime penalty-enhancement statutes. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 154-172 Gerstenfeld, P.B., (2011). Hate crimes: causes, controls, and controversies. Thousan Oaks, California: Sage Publications Gerstenfeld, P.B., Grant, D.R., (2004). Crimes of hate: selected readings. Thousand Oaks: California Grattet, R., Jenness, V., (2001). The birth and maturation of hate crime policy in the United States. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(4), 668-696 Grautski, A., (2010, October). Activists react to anti-gay hate crime. Retrieved from http://bronxink.org/2010/10/20/9363-activists-react-to-anti-gay-hate-crime/ Green, D.P., McFalls, L.H., Smith, J.K., (2003). Hate crime: an emergent research agenda. Hate and Bias Crime, 27-48 Hall, N., (2005). True crime. New Jersey: Willan Publishers Herek, G.M., Berrill, K., Berrill, K.T., (1998). Hate crimes; confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications Jacobs, J.B., Potter, K., (1998). Hate crimes: criminal law and identity politics. New York: Oxford University Press Jenness, V., (2003, August). Engendering hate crime policy: gender, the dilemma of difference and the creation of legal subjects. Retrieved from http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/againsthate/journal2/ghs101.pdf Johnson, S.D., Byers, B.D., (2003). Attitudes toward hate crime laws. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(3), 227-235 Kuehnle, K., Sullivan, A., (2001). Patterns of anti-gay violence: an analysis of incident characteristics and victim reporting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 928-943 Kristi, R., (2010). New York state hate crime laws. Retrieved from: ehow.com/list_6810344_new-state-hate-crime-laws.html Levin, B., Amster, S.E., (2007). Making hate history: hate crime and policing in America’s most diverse city. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), 319-348 Marcus, N. A., (2002). Perceptions of hate crime perpetrators and victims as influenced by race, political orientation and peer group. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(10), 108-135 Macropoulos, A., (2008). In mourning an immigrant, a call for unity on Long Island. Retrieved from: McPhail, B.A., (2002). Gender boas hate crimes: a review. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse: A Review Journal, 3(2), 125-143 Mulvaney, J.E. Centeno, L., (2009, August). Statement by Division of Human Rights Commissioner Galen Kirkland on the Sentencing of Dwight DeLee. Retrieved from dhr.state.ny.us/pdf/nysdhr_statement_lateisha_green.pdf National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (2006). Act locally: New Jersey. Retrieved from thetaskforce.org/activist_center/act_locally/new_jersey New York State (2003, July). Hate crimes act of 2000: Laws of New York, 2000. Retrieved from http://criminaljustice.state.ny.us/legalservices/ch107_hate_crimes_2000.htm Perez, R., (2010, January). Where do hate crimes happen in the US? Retrieved from: tableausoftware.com/public/blog/2010/01/hatecrimes Perry, B., (2003). Accounting for hate-crime. Hate and Bias Crime, 97-108 Rayburn, N.R., Mendoza, M., Davison, G., (2003). Bystander’s perceptions of perpetrators and victims of hate crime. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1055-1074 Rose, S.M., Mechanic, M.B., (2002) .Psychological distress, crime features, and help-seeking behaviors related to homophobic bias incidents. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 14-26 Schwartz, L., Ulit, I.T., Morgan, D., (2006). Straight talk about hate crime bills: anti-gay, anti-transgender bias stall federal hate crimes legislation. Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, 7(2), 171-186 Shively, M., (2005, June). Study of literature and legislation on hate crime in America. Retrieved from: ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/210300.pdf Shively, M., McDevitt, J., Cronin, S., Balboni, J., (2001). Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of bias crime in Massachusetts high schools. Northeastern Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research Spodek, T., (2010, April). Hate crimes in New York State. Retrieved from: globalpolitician.com/26375-hate-crimes-courts-laws Steen, S., Cohen, M., (2004). Assessing the public’s demand for hate crime penalties. Justice Quarterly, 21, 91-124 Streissguth, T., (2009). Ha te crimes. New York: Infobase Publishing TEP (2011). Report a hate crime. Retrieved from tnep.org/html/hatecrimereport.php Tynes, B.M., Neville, H.A., Utsey, S.O., (2009). Handbook of African American psychology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications

Dress for Success to Excel in Medicine

Dress for Success to Excel in Medicine Dress for the job you want, not the job you have.You’ve likely heard this advice before–when you put your best self forward, people around you will treat you with professionalism and respect.  This philosophy is especially true for health care professionals, and to understand why, you can take it one step further: Dress to be the medical professional you’d want in your time of need.Think about it: people turn to you for guidance and knowledge in their darkest hours. They need to feel that you are pulled together and ready to help in when they need it most.  Patients don’t know or care that you’re coming in on a Saturday, fresh from a day at the park with your family. It doesn’t matter to the parents of a sick child that today is your last day on call before a vacation. They just want and need a staff of professionals to put them at ease–just like you would if you were in their shoes.Can you give solid medical advice in jeans and a flannel shirt? Of course. But a pulled-together image and presentation helps convey a sense of authority people need when they put their lives and the lives of their loved ones in your hands.Casual Fridays Don’t Have a Place in MedicineRead More at Kevin MD–

My View of Adult Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My View of Adult Learning - Essay Example For example, I was able to learn numerous, different factors that are the driving forces behind these individuals’ drive for education achievement. Additionally, I also learned about some of the many factors that can distract or affect negatively the process of adult learning. It was clear from these course materials that adult learning is based on andragogical model of learning. This model is build upon the assumptions that adults have a need to know and learn adults also have a need to be learners who are self- directed and a need to have a self- concept that reflects that they are responsible for the decisions that they make. Therefore, adult learning programs are special as they are designed in such ways that allow them o set goals by themselves and organize their learning around the responsibilities each has as an adult. More specifically, I can relate my journey in education to the course content material of unit one. I am an adult learner who just recently went back to school, and traditionally my daily routines and responsibilities would not have fit with my education program. This is because my education would have a conflict with my responsibilities such as taking care of my family, and eventually one of the two would be neglected. However, with such programs as online education, I am able to satisfy all of my responsibilities. ... Up to now, this unit has taught me that the many challenges that we face as adult learners are as a result of some of the factors associated with adults going back to school and taking up education once more. My Current View of Adult Education Much of the view and thoughts I have on adult education currently are derived from my course content of unit two. As I went through the assigned content for unit two, I was able to learn numerous things about adult education I did not know of, and I was surprised to find out that there are numerous theories on the processes through which adults learn. Before hand, I was only familiar with the theory on adult learning by Knowles called the Andragogy theory, and with my limited knowledge I had assumed that this was the only theory through which adult learners like myself and my colleagues learned through. To my surprise, I became familiar with other adult learning theories such as the theories by such individuals like Jarvis, McClusky, and Illeri s. All these theories were in one way or the other related to the processes and styles through which I was able to learn and also related to many of my learning style methods. However, I was able to realize that my learning style methods were more related to the McClusky model or theory more than the other theories. This particular theory argues that there is always a constant need for one to strike a balance between the energy they need and the energy that is available to them. I thought this theory was more related to me because I had many facets in my life that struggled for my attention such as my children, work, friends, church, and even my

A Trade Environment and the Rights of Patients Dissertation

A Trade Environment and the Rights of Patients - Dissertation Example Recent free trade agreements have extended extremely generous patent rights to multinational pharmaceutical companies, and have limited access to generic equivalent drugs. In the â€Å"DOHA declaration on TRIPS and Public Health† of 2001, states that were members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) guaranteed that when a country is undergoing a public health crisis, it is not bound by its patents commitments. A consensus was reached that the provisions in the WTO having to with patents should be interpreted liberally in favour of the patient, and in favour of granting access to essential medicines. In order to circumvent these commitments, bilateral agreements are being forged by developed countries with lesser developed countries where the requirements for intellectual property law surpass those found in TRIPS. The TRIPS agreement does contain various safeguard mechanisms to protect public health. The two distinct safeguards are (1) parallel importation, and (2) compulsory licensing. By, its silence, the TRIPS allows countries to import drugs from another country that is selling it at a lower price. Countries must make domestic legislation in this regard. The US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, however, is an example of how the US has engaged in scare tactics to pressure developing countries not to pass a parallel important law. Compulsory licensing, on the other hand, permits the government to grant compulsory licenses to particular companies to create generic versions of the drug and arrest a public health crisis.

Plato :: essays research papers

Plato's works, perhaps the most consistently popular and influential philosophic writings ever published, consist of a series of dialogues in which the discussions between Socrates and others are presented with infinite charm. Most of our knowledge of Socrates is from these dialogues, and which views are Socrates' and which are Plato's is anybody's guess. (Plato cautiously never introduced himself into any of the dialogues.) Like Socrates, Plato was chiefly interested in moral philosophy and despised natural philosophy (that is, science) as an inferior and unworthy sort of knowledge. There is a famous story (probably apocryphal and told also of Euclid of a student asking Plato the application of the knowledge he was being taught. Plato at once ordered a slave to give the student a small coin that he might not think he had gained knowledge for nothing, then had him dismissed from school. To Plato, knowledge had no practical use, it existed for the abstract good of the soul. Plato was fond of mathematics because of its idealized abstractions and its separation from the merely material. Nowadays, of course, the purest mathematics manages to be applied, sooner or later, to practical matters of science. In Plato's day this was not so, and the mathematician could well consider himself as dealing only with the loftiest form of pure thought and as having nothing to do with the gross and imperfect everyday world. And so above the doorway to the Academy was written, "Let no one ignorant of mathematics enter here." Plato did, however, believe that mathematics in its ideal form could still be applied to the heavens. The heavenly bodies, he believed, exhibited perfect geometric form. This he expresses most clearly in a dialogue called Timaeus in which he presents his scheme of the universe. He describes the five (and only five) possible regular solids -- that is, those with equivalent faces and with all lines and angles, formed by those faces, equal. Plato :: essays research papers Plato's works, perhaps the most consistently popular and influential philosophic writings ever published, consist of a series of dialogues in which the discussions between Socrates and others are presented with infinite charm. Most of our knowledge of Socrates is from these dialogues, and which views are Socrates' and which are Plato's is anybody's guess. (Plato cautiously never introduced himself into any of the dialogues.) Like Socrates, Plato was chiefly interested in moral philosophy and despised natural philosophy (that is, science) as an inferior and unworthy sort of knowledge. There is a famous story (probably apocryphal and told also of Euclid of a student asking Plato the application of the knowledge he was being taught. Plato at once ordered a slave to give the student a small coin that he might not think he had gained knowledge for nothing, then had him dismissed from school. To Plato, knowledge had no practical use, it existed for the abstract good of the soul. Plato was fond of mathematics because of its idealized abstractions and its separation from the merely material. Nowadays, of course, the purest mathematics manages to be applied, sooner or later, to practical matters of science. In Plato's day this was not so, and the mathematician could well consider himself as dealing only with the loftiest form of pure thought and as having nothing to do with the gross and imperfect everyday world. And so above the doorway to the Academy was written, "Let no one ignorant of mathematics enter here." Plato did, however, believe that mathematics in its ideal form could still be applied to the heavens. The heavenly bodies, he believed, exhibited perfect geometric form. This he expresses most clearly in a dialogue called Timaeus in which he presents his scheme of the universe. He describes the five (and only five) possible regular solids -- that is, those with equivalent faces and with all lines and angles, formed by those faces, equal.

The production possibility curve

Introduction:The production possibility curve is a curve that represents the total number of goods and services that can be produced in an economy given certain levels of resources in the economy, the productions possibility curve helps check whether an economy has idle resources and if an economy produces optimally then this will result into economic growth, there are factors that lead to a shift in the production possibility curve, this includes changes in technology, change in the productivity of factors of production and increased efficiency and finally the curve will shift as a result of increased resources in the economy.Production possibility curve:The production possibility curve is a curve that represents the maximum or optimal resource usage when both goods and services are produced, the production possibility curve shows the position in which an economy can be producing its goods and services, an economy that produces below the production possibility curve is said to have idle resources, when the point is on the production possibility curve then the economy is optimally using all the resources available in an economy to produce both goods and services.The diagram below shows the production possibility curve:The above diagram is the production possibility curve, when the economy produces at point A then the economy is under producing and there are idle resource in the economy, if the economy produces at point B then the economy is producing optimally where there are no idle resources in the economy, point C is unachievable and an economy cannot produce at this point, this is because the point is above the production possibility curve.Shift in the production possibility curve:The production possibility frontier will shift outward if there is increased productivity in the factors of production. If the productivity of the factors of production improves then the production possibility curve will shift outwards as follows:The other factors that will cause the possibility production curve to shift is the improvement of technology, the curve will shift outward if there is an improvement in the technology in the economy.The discovery and exploitation of resources in the economy will also cause a shift in the production possibility curve, if there is a discovery and the exploitation of resources that are used in the production of goods and services then the curve will shift outwards.Effects of producing more goods for the future to the PPC:When an economy produces more goods then it is possible to achieve the point where the economy utilises all its factors of production and the point of production will be at along the curve, the excess production of goods and services will also tend to influence producers to explore new resources for production and this will lead to a shift in the curve to a higher level.Conclusion:The production possibility curve depicts the total number of goods and services that can be produced in an economy given th e level of resources in the economy, the productions possibility curve helps check whether an economy has idle resources and if an economy produces optimally then this will result into economic growth.  There are factors that lead to a shift in the production possibility curve, this includes changes in technology, change in the productivity of factors of production and increased efficiency and finally the curve will shift as a result of increased resources in the economy.If an economy produces more goods then it achieve the point where the economy utilises all its factors of production and the point of production will be at along the curve, the excess production of goods and services will also tend to influence producers to explore new resources for production and this will lead to a shift in the curve to a higher level.References:Brian Snow (1997) Macroeconomics: Introduction to Macroeconomics, Rout ledge publishers, UK